YES U CAN SAFE YOUR SELF FROM PAINFUL INJURIES

READ IT AND DO SELF EXAMINATION @ HOME ..YES U CAN SAFE UR SELF FROM THIS PAINFUL DISEASE   

 SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:

Acute kidney injury causes no sign or symptoms, as kidney failure or injury progress you start to develop symptoms related to losing the normal function of kidney.
Symptoms may vary from patient to patient.
 Symptoms of kidney damage are as follows:
There is decrease in urine output that shows urinary system may not produce enough urine.
There is a rapid heart rate because of increase in the potassium rate
Inability to excrete cause accumulation of limb (peripheral edema) and lung(pulmonary edema)
Acute kidney injury suddenly happen, so it may cause disruptions and persons may fall into coma.
person may feel nausea ,headache and vomiting
there may be thirst and dry mouth due to dehydration
there is a shortness of breath
there is a loss of appetite and fatigue because waste products build in the blood
person may feel metallic taste in his mouth because waste products maintain in the blood
The kidney can’t produce enough red blood cells; person may feel weak and look pale.
Swelling generally occurs in the feet and ankles with chronic and acute kidney failure.
Pain on one side of back, just below the rib cage and above the waist.
kidney failure condition may also affect  on his mental faculties so person maybe imbalance
DIAGNOSE
It can be detected by characteristics laboratories method such as elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine or inability of the kidneys to produce sufficient amount of urine.

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY..

KIDNEY DAMAGE:                                                    
It means kidney loss the ability to perform the normal function, losing filtering ability in such case dangerous level of fluid, electrolytes and wastes accumulate in human body. In that condition blood pressure will be raise and concentrate urine will excrete without losing electrolyte.
It may require intensive treatment however, renal failure or kidney damage may be reversible kidney again start normal functioning within several weeks or month after treatment.
CAUSES OF KIDNEY DAMAGE OR RENAL FAILURE;
There are several causes of renal failure or kidney damage
EDEMA: if excess fluid and sodium ion remain in the body because kidney fails to excrete enough of them so there is a decrease in urine output.
ANEMIA : erythropoietin of a hormone of kidney no longer produce so there is a decrease red blood cell production equal a decrease in oxygen carrying capacity , resulting decrease oxygen delivery to cell for them to do work, so body ties quickly.
EXCESSIIVE POTTASIUM LEVEL : excessive potassium level in blood plasma lead cardiac arrest and cause death.
The kidney  are no longer able to convert vitamin D to calcitrol, which is needed for calcium and phosphate absorption for small intestine.
people at risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalances include those who depend on others for fluid and food such as infants, the older and the hospitalized.
CLASSIFICATION OF RENAL FAILURE:
Disturbance of filtration in kidney differentiate into two forms. These two forms mainly effect glomerulus’s filtration.

acute kidney injury
chronic kidney disease
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY:
Acute kidney injury mainly affects the filtration ability of kidneys (glomerulus filtration) thus it cause disturbance of urine flow and concentrate urine without using electrolytes. This disease occurs when kidneys are unable to excrete daily load of toxin in the urine.
It is usually identified by daily urine output between 50 ml and 250 ml (oliguria) or by daily urine output less than 50 ml (anuria).
It is common among hospitalized patients acute kidney injury approximate 3-7% of the patients admitted to the hospitals and approximate 25-30% of patient intensive care unit.
CAUSES OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY:
Any person may feel low blood volume and sudden serious drop in the blood flow to the kidneys.
An injury or bad infection called spaces to the blood flow to the kidneys e.g. hemorrhage ( if 30% of  blood volume is lost , there is moderately sever shock systolic B.P below 90, heart rate over 90 beats / min, 40 % loss cause sever shock, fatal if un treated )
Surgery and serious illness in which the kidneys are not properly flow the blood for a long time e.g. heart by pass  is one of such procedure, which may effect the kidneys or kidney filtration ability.
everything used in excess whether good or not had a side effect like excess use of some medicines for any specific disease have harmful or damaging effect on kidneys. Those people who have a serious long term health problem are more affected.
Some medicines or drugs which are harmful for kidneys are as follows:
ANTIBIOTICS  :  e.g. gentamicin and streptomycin
PAIN MEDICINES(non steroidal antiinflamantury drugs): aspirin and ibuprofen
BLOOD PRESSURE MEDICINE:: e.g. ACE inhibitor
DYE USED TO VISUALIZE BLOOD VESSELS IN ANGIOGRAMS
chance of acute kidney injury or greater in an older adult , long term health problem such as kidney or liver disease ,diabetes, high blood pressure and obesity
high potassium level , changes in the body fluid and metabolic acidosis also caused acute kidney injury.

Chronic kidney disease
Chronic kidney disease occurs when one suffers from gradual and usually permanent loss of kidney function over time. This happens gradually, usually months to years. Chronic kidney disease is divided into five stages of increasing severity (see Table 1 below). The term "renal" refers to the kidney, so another name for kidney failure is "renal failure." Mild kidney disease is often called renal insufficiency.
With loss of kidney function, there is an accumulation of water; waste; and toxic substances, in the body, that are normally excreted by the kidney. Loss of kidney function also causes other problems such as anemia, high blood pressure, acidosis (excessive acidity of body fluids), disorders of cholesterol and fatty acids, and bone disease.
Stage 5 chronic kidney disease is also referred to as kidney failure, end-stage kidney disease, or end-stage renal disease, wherein there is total or near-total loss of kidney function. There is dangerous accumulation of water, waste, and toxic substances, and most individuals in this stage of kidney disease need dialysis or transplantation to stay alive.
Unlike chronic kidney disease, acute kidney failure develops rapidly, over days or weeks.

• Acute kidney failure usually develops in response to a disorder that directly affects the kidney, its blood supply, or urine flow from it.
• Acute kidney failure is often reversible, with complete recovery of kidney function.
• Some patients are left with residual damage and can have a progressive decline in kidney function in the future.
• Others may develop irreversible kidney failure after an acute injury and remain dialysis-dependent.

Table 1. Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

Stage	Description	GFR* mL/min/1.73m2
1	Slight kidney damage with normal or increased filtration	More than 90
2	Mild decrease in kidney function	60-89
3	Moderate decrease in kidney function	30-59
4	Severe decrease in kidney function	15-29
5	Kidney failure	Less than 15 (or dialysis)

*GFR is glomerular filtration rate, a measure of the kidney's function.

Table : 2  Also showing Five Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic Kidney Disease Causes

Although chronic kidney disease sometimes results from primary diseases of the kidneys themselves, the major causes are diabetes and high blood pressure.

• Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus cause a condition called diabetic nephropathy, which is the leading cause of kidney disease in the United States.
• High blood pressure (hypertension), if not controlled, can damage the kidneys over time.
• Glomerulonephritis is the inflammation and damage of the filtration system of the kidneys, which can cause kidney failure. Postinfectious conditions and lupus are among the many causes of glomerulonephritis.
• Polycystic kidney disease is an example of a hereditary cause of chronic kidney disease wherein both kidneys have multiple cysts.
• Use of analgesics such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) regularly over long durations of time can cause analgesic nephropathy, another cause of kidney disease. Certain other medications can also damage the kidneys.
• Clogging and hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) leading to the kidneys causes a condition called ischemic nephropathy, which is another cause of progressive kidney damage.
• Obstruction of the flow of urine by stones, an enlarged prostate, strictures (narrowings), or cancers may also cause kidney disease.
• Other causes of chronic kidney disease include HIV infection, sickle cell disease, heroin abuse, amyloidosis, kidney stones, chronic kidney infections, and certain cancers.

If you have any of the following conditions, you are at higher-than-normal risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Your kidney functions may need to be monitored regularly.

• Diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Heart disease
• Liver disease
• Amyloidosis
• Sickle cell disease
• Systemic Lupus erythematosus
• Vascular diseases such as arteritis, vasculitis, or fibromuscular dysplasia
• Vesicoureteral reflux (a urinary tract problem in which urine travels the wrong way back toward the kidney)
• Require regular use of anti-inflammatory medications
• A family history of kidney disease

How Common is Chronic Kidney Disease?

• Chronic kidney disease is a growing health problem. A report by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) determined that 16.8% of all adults above the age of 20 years have chronic kidney disease. Thus, one in six individuals has kidney disease. By disease stage, the prevalence is as follows:
• stage 1, 3.1%;
• stage 2, 4.1%;
• stage 3, 7.6%;
• stage 4; and
• stage 5, 0.5%.
• There are over 500,000 persons on dialysis or who have received kidney transplants.
• The prevalence of chronic kidney disease has increased by 16% from the previous decade. The increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension (high blood pressure), obesity, and an aging population have contributed to this increase in kidney disease.
• Chronic kidney disease is more prevalent among individuals above 60 years of age (39.4%).
• Kidney disease is more common among Hispanic, African American, Asian or Pacific Islander, and Native American people.

Chronic Kidney Disease Symptoms

The kidneys are remarkable in their ability to compensate for problems in their function. That is why chronic kidney disease may progress without symptoms for a long time until only very minimal kidney function is left.
Because the kidneys perform so many functions for the body, kidney disease can affect the body in a large number of different ways. Symptoms vary greatly. Several different body systems may be affected. Notably, most patients have no decrease in urine output even with very advanced chronic kidney disease.
Effects and symptoms of chronic kidney disease include;

• need to urinate frequently, especially at night (nocturia);
• swelling of the legs and puffiness around the eyes (fluid retention);
• high blood pressure;
• fatigue and weakness (from anemia or accumulation of waste products in the body);
• loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting;
• itching, easy bruising, and pale skin (from anemia);
• shortness of breath from fluid accumulation in the lungs;
• headaches, numbness in the feet or hands (peripheral neuropathy), disturbed sleep, altered mental status (encephalopathy from the accumulation of waste products or uremic poisons), and restless legs syndrome;
• chest pain due to pericarditis (inflammation around the heart);
• bleeding (due to poor blood clotting);
• bone pain and fractures; and
• decreased sexual interest and erectile dysfunction.

When to Seek Medical Care

Several signs and symptoms may suggest complications of chronic kidney disease. Call your health care practitioner if you notice any of the following symptoms:

• Change in energy level or strength
• Increased water retention (puffiness or swelling) in the legs, around the eyes, or in other parts of the body
• Shortness of breath or change from normal breathing
• Nausea or vomiting
• Lightheadedness
• Severe bone or joint pain
• Easy bruising
• Itching

If you have diabetes, high blood pressure, or kidney problems, see your health care practitioner right away if you know or suspect that you are pregnant.
See your health care practitioner as recommended for monitoring and treatment of chronic conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.
The following signs and symptoms represent the possibility of a severe complication of chronic kidney disease and warrant a visit to the nearest hospital emergency department.

• Change in level of consciousness - extreme sleepiness or difficult to awaken
• Fainting
• Chest pain
• Difficulty breathing
• Severe nausea and vomiting
• Severe bleeding (from any source)
• Severe weakness

Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment

Self-Care at Home

Chronic kidney disease is a disease that must be managed in close consultation with your health care practitioner. Self-treatment is not appropriate.

• There are, however, several important dietary rules you can follow to help slow the progression of your kidney disease and decrease the likelihood of complications.
• This is a complex process and must be individualized, generally with the help of your health care practitioner and a registered dietitian.

The following are general dietary guidelines:

• Protein restriction: Decreasing protein intake may slow the progression of chronic kidney disease. A dietitian can help you determine the appropriate amount of protein for you.
• Salt restriction: Limit to 4-6 grams a day to avoid fluid retention and help control high blood pressure.
• Fluid intake: Excessive water intake does not help prevent kidney disease. In fact, your doctor may recommend restriction of water intake.
• Potassium restriction: This is necessary in advanced kidney disease because the kidneys are unable to remove potassium. High levels of potassium can cause abnormal heart rhythms. Examples of foods high in potassium include bananas, oranges, nuts, and potatoes.
• Phosphorus restriction: Decreasing phosphorus intake is recommended to protect bones. Eggs, beans, cola drinks, and dairy products are examples of foods high in phosphorus.

Other important measures that you can take include:

• carefully follow prescribed regimens to control your blood pressure and/or diabetes;
• stop smoking; and
• lose excess weight.

In chronic kidney disease, several medications can be toxic to the kidneys and may need to be avoided or given in adjusted doses. Among over-the-counter medications, the following need to be avoided or used with caution:

• Certain analgesics: Aspirin; nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen [Motrin, for example])
• Fleets or phosphosoda enemas because of their high content of phosphorus
• Laxatives and antacids containing magnesium and aluminum such as magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia) and famotidine (Mylanta)
• Ulcer medication H2-receptor antagonists: cimetidine (Tagamet), ranitidine (Zantac), (decreased dosage with kidney disease)
• Decongestants such as pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) especially if you have high blood pressure
• Alka Seltzer, since this contains large amounts of salt
• Herbal medications

If you have a condition such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol underlying your chronic kidney disease, take all medications as directed and see your health care practitioner as recommended for follow-up and monitoring.

Control Your Blood Pressure — keep your blood pressure below 130/85 (adults) with weight loss and exercise, a low sodium/low fat diet, reducing stress, and taking your blood pressure medication correctly. For some patients, the target blood pressure is lower (125/75). Controlling high blood pressure may delay the progression of kidney disease by slowing damage to the kidneys.

Ask Your Doctor About Anemia — Anemia—a shortage of red blood cells—starts very early in kidney failure. Anemia can cause you to feel tired and worn out, and can damage your heart. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in people with kidney problems. Ask your doctor about medications such as epoetin (EPO) and iron to treat anemia.

Control Your Blood Sugar Levels — if you have diabetes, stay at a healthy weight, exercise, and take medications as prescribed to keep your blood glucose in the "normal" range. Tight control of blood sugar can help slow the progression of kidney disease. Your HbA1c levels, which measure your blood sugar control over a period of 3 months, should be less than 6.5%.

Exercise — with your doctor's permission, start a regular exercise program to control weight and keep your heart healthy and blood vessels working as well as possible. It is very important to keep your muscles and joints in good working order. Although written for people on dialysis, Exercise: A Guide for People on Dialysis has useful information to help anyone with a chronic illness increase physical activity.

Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention

Chronic kidney disease cannot be prevented in most situations. You may be able to protect your kidneys from damage, or slow the progression of the disease by controlling your underlying conditions such as diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure.

• Kidney disease is usually advanced by the time symptoms appear. If you are at high risk of developing chronic kidney disease, see your health care practitioner as recommended for screening tests.
• If you have a chronic condition such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol, follow the treatment recommendations of your health care practitioner. See your healthcare practitioner regularly for monitoring. Aggressive treatment of these diseases is essential.

Avoid exposure to drugs especially NSAIDs (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs), chemicals, and other toxic substances as much as possible.

ommended for follow-up and monitoring.